For decades, vertical integration meant ownership. According to Michael E. Porter's seminal work Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, companies sought to reduce costs, ...

When startups launch, growth goals often center on customer acquisition. The logic is that once you’ve made your product or service indispensable to people’s lives, you’ll have breathing room to ...

Vilsa Curto ([email protected]), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. Anna D. Sinaiko, Harvard University. Meredith B. Rosenthal, Harvard University. Alongside recent increases in ownership, ...

In recent years direct ownership of physician practices by hospitals and health systems (that is, vertical integration) has become a prominent feature of the US health care system. One unexplored ...